1. Abstract
ثبت نشده
چکیده
This study, conducted for ethical reasons on a driving simulator, has indicated that drivers take more risks when they are being charged for their use of roadspace on the basis of time, than they do when they are not subject to such charges. This effect is highly significant for some measures of risk taking (e.g. red light violation and illegal overtaking) but less so for others. The effect is apparent even at very low charge levels and is observed irrespective of whether the charge is based on total travel time or time spent below specified speeds (‘congestion charges’). There are however some differences in the types of risky behaviour engendered by these two charging regimes. These results have obvious and serious implications for the implementation of time-based road user charges.
منابع مشابه
Chiral extensions of chiral polytopes
polytope Abstract polytope November, 2013 – p. 2 Abstract polytope Abstract polytope −→ combinatorial generalization of convex polytopepolytope Abstract polytope −→ combinatorial generalization of convex polytope November, 2013 – p. 2 Abstract polytope Abstract polytope −→ combinatorial generalization of convex polytopepolytope Abstract polytope −→ combinatorial generalization of convex polytop...
متن کاملVerifying Systems with Replicated Components in Mur ' ?
states are written in the form (s; fqe1 1 ; : : : ; qek k g), where each ei is 1 or + (when the constructor is 0, the component state is omitted). A concrete state a = (s; [r1; :::; rz]) is represented by an abstract state A = (s; fqe1 1 ; :::; qek k g) if the following conditions are satisfied: – ei = + if qi occurs in [r1; : : : ; rz] two or more times; – ei = 1 or ei = + if qi occurs in [r1;...
متن کاملEquine Herpesvirus-1 Consensus Statement. In: ACVIM Consensus Statement Guidelines
385, 26th Annual American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum, San Antonio, TX. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:819 (abstract) b Carr EA, Pusterla N, Schott HC, II, et al. Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) recrudescence and viremia in hospitalized critically ill horses: Abstract #123, 26th Annual American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum, San Antonio, TX. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:737...
متن کاملGraphs of 2-torus Actions
It has been known that an effective smooth (Z2) -action on a smooth connected closed manifold M fixing a finite set can be associated to a (Z2) -colored regular graph. In this paper, we consider abstract graphs (Γ, α) of (Z2) -actions, called abstract 1-skeletons. We study when an abstract 1-skeleton is a colored graph of some (Z2) -action. We also study the existence of faces of an abstract 1-...
متن کامل2 a Theory of Abstraction Using Abstraction
Korf Korf, 1979] provides a similar computational analysis of the beneets of abstraction for state space search. This analysis is essentially restricted to Abstrips abstractions as it ignores the cost of building abstract proof plans. Like us, Korf assumes no mapping failures, and a constant branching rate. Finally, in Giunchiglia & Walsh, 1989b] we analysed the theoretical and empirical proper...
متن کاملLanguage-based Security Abstract Non-interference
Interpretation Consider C = ℘(Z): [Cousot & Cousot’77] C A {0} {0,!1,!2,!3,...} 0! {!2,!3} Abstract domain 0+ ? {0,1,2,3,...} Language-based Security: Abstract Non-Interferece – p.3/32 Abstract Interpretation Consider C = ℘(Z): [Cousot & Cousot’77]Interpretation Consider C = ℘(Z): [Cousot & Cousot’77] Abstract domain C A {0} {0,1,2,3,...} {0,!1,!2,!3,...} 0! {!2,!3} 0+ ?domain C A {0} {0,1,2,3,...
متن کامل